The Dust Bowl Of The Great West - 1172 Words

Lucia Martinez Professor Kim Wombles English 1302 September 21, 2015 The Dust Bowl Imagine a great wall closing in on you with nowhere to run. Imagine sweeping a floor of sand that will never go away. Imagine having a terrible cough that leaves your throat irritated and raw to the point where you are coughing up blood. Imagine the disappointment of realizing a possible rain cloud is really a wall of dust rushing your way. For people living in the Midwest during the 1930s this was not the conjuring of imagination but a reality. â€Å"Decade long natural catastrophe of biblical proportions†¦ when plagues of grasshoppers and swarms of rabbits descended on parched fields,† (Burns, â€Å"The Dust Bowl†). What seemed like the extinction†¦show more content†¦However the stock market crash in 1929 brought the entire nation to a downward spiral of depression. While the 1920s were uplifting what followed was not. The Dust Bowl was a tragedy in America in which millions of acres of semi-arid plains were reduced to nothing but a cloud of dust. Due largely to massive amounts of dry farming and overgrazing of cattle the grasslands slowly withered away. With the drought of 1930 the grasslands blew in the wind, covering houses and forced almost four hundred thousand people out of their homes.(â€Å":The Dust Bowl†LOC). Nineteen states at the heart of the United States were part of the massive dust bowl. â€Å"The Dust Bowl was both a manmade and natural disaster† (Klein, 2012). â€Å"[The catastrophe] revealed the darker side of entrepreneurialism, its tendency to risk long-term social and ecological damage in the pursuit of short-term, private gain, (Worster, â€Å"Dust Bowl†). Like stated previously in the Library of Congress article the Dust Bowl was caused primarily by the overgrazing of cattle as well as dry farming by farmers. During the first world war wheat farmers need to fill in the demand of crops for the allied forces in Europe. While this worked for the period of time after the war ended the fields were plowed down to the bare minimum. With no wheat or grass to hold the soil together and nothing to protect the water and

The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1559 Words

On August 6, 1945, the war in Europe was over and both the U.S. and Russia were concentrating on defeating Japan. When the U.S. decided to use the atomic bomb, 68 major cities in Japan had already been devastated by airstrikes. It was hoped that the bombing of Hiroshima with an atomic weapon would cause Japan to finally surrender unconditionally. That did not happen. Three days later on Aug 9, 1945 Nagasaki was bombed with the second atomic bomb. Japan surrendered unconditionally Aug 14, 1945. The United States had already been bombing Japan for years with a net effect worse than the outcome of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but Japan did not show any signs of surrendering. Why did the United States believe that it was justified to drop an atomic bomb that would kill tens of thousands of Japanese civilians? There are a few well documented reasons why the U.S. felt they had to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. The leading thoughts were that the U.S. wanted to end the war as quickly as poss ible with the added benefit of preventing Russia from gaining territory in Japan. It would also prevent the need for an all out assault on Japan, thereby preventing American casualties while demonstrating to Russia that the U.S.’s nuclear capabilities were in fact real. Part II The U.S. had spent significant time and money on this war with Japan. â€Å"The approximate cost of research and development of the atomic bomb by the United States was $2 billion†(CNN). Using the Atomic bombs to shorten theShow MoreRelatedThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1720 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation To what extent did the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified? The Manhattan project was the reason the bomb, ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ were dropped in Japan. The Manhattan project was created because America was frightened, that Germany was already creating nuclear bombs. (http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki) So, America started the project in 1949. The reason Japan became the target was because, JapanRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States was completely unjustified in dropping the atomic bomb because it was used so we could have a sense of â€Å"power† over the rest of the world. President Harry Truman had paid no heed to his prior statements as to the intended use of the bomb; and not only had it violated the Hague Convention, but it also caused lifelong repercussions for Japan’s land and people. The United States, nearly 70 years later, has yet to apologize to the victims orRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1902 Words   |  8 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki altered the course of world events by starting the Cold War, ushering advancements in technology, and by influencing cultures worldwide. Occurring on August 6 and August 9 in 1945, the bombing of the cities set of a series of events that would forever change history. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as superpowers with seemingly limitless power. Their ideologies, however, contrasted greatly, and the once allied nations would turn against each otherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Paper: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War Two is arguably the most famous war in world history. It is remembered as a very tragic and influential historical event across the globe. Many countries joined the war at different times, but the general start date has been narrowed to the period of time between 1931 and 1939. The war was primarily between two main powers; the Axis nations, consisting of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allied nations, led by Britain and CommonwealthRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1593 Words   |  7 Pages Bombing of Hiroshima On August 8th 1945 the first atomic weapon, a fission bomb, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima in an attempt to force the Japanese to surrender in World War II (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2009). This event exposed the danger of nuclear energy. This massive explosion demolished 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people. This was only the beginning though, tens of thousands of innocent people died due to the aftermath of radiation exposure for anotherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1165 Words   |  5 Pagesnot entered the war at the time. It wasn’t until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 that the U.S. had officially declared war on Germany and Japan. After Germany had agreed to an unconditional surrender, therefore ending the war in Europe, the U.S. was still at war with Japan and the U.S, hesitant to risk more American lives, made the difficult decision to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Both bom bings resulted in the instant deaths of about 135,000 people andRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima Nagasaki Would you kill a thousand to save millions? Well the drastic actions taken by the United States did save millions. There were two actions that had to occur to save the millions and end the war, the dropping of the two atomic bombs being the first of their kind were to be the most powerful bomb ever invented using atomic and nuclear forces so create it and packed over 20,000 tons of TNT and was about ten feet long. The bomber that transported and dropped themRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most talked about events in human history. It was the first and last time an atomic bomb was used in the history of the world. The bombing did not only mark the end of a battle with the Japanese but provided humanity a first-hand preview into the effects of the man-made device. Since the bombing there have been many discussions such as: who should possess such power, will mankind be the reason for its own d emise, and why did America decide to useRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1174 Words   |  5 PagesMorality of The Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki There have been various arguments regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that continually surface as to whether it was necessary or morally right to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Depending upon whose side of the argument you have heard causes one to question whether this was a morally right or wrong decision that was made. Serious reconciliation is needed due to this event, and both sides of the argument need to be strongly considered

Kraft Food Company Free Essays

Kraft Food Company was founded by James Kraft in 1903. Kraft started off by selling wholesale cheese in Chicago, they later expanded, distributing to over 30 specialty cheeses under the name Kraft and Elkhorn. By 1920 Kraft began to mass produce specialty cheeses which were then exported to Canada and Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Kraft Food Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now They later established plants in England and Germany. James Kraft’s development to new products and the use of innovative advertising methods led Kraft to be an early user of all communications media and as early as 1911 they were advertising on Chicago elevated trains, using outdoor billboards and mailing circulars to retail grocers. Kraft was also the first to use colored advertisement in national magazines. By 1933 Kraft began using radio for advertising as well. Kraft’s innovation is also witnessed by the introduction of products such as; Velveeta in 1928, Miracle Whip salad dressing in 1933, Kraft macaroni and cheese dinner in 1936, Parkay margarine in 1940, sliced processed cheese in 1951, and Cheez Whiz in 1952. Kraft is primarily operated as a subsidiary to other larger corporations, the first being National Dairy Company in 1930. Kraft was later purchased by Philip Morris in 1988 for twelve million, nine hundred thousand dollars. Morris then merged Kraft with General Foods unit in 1989, creating one entity known as Kraft General Foods Inc. , making it the largest food company in the United States and the second largest in the world. Philip Morris then acquired Nabisco in December 2000 and immediately began to integrate it into the operations of Kraft Foods and Kraft Foods International. In 2001 Philip Morris created a new holding company for the combined operations know as Kraft Food Inc.. Kraft Food then had two main units, Kraft Food North America and Kraft Foods International with 2 chief executive officers (CEOs) Betsy D. Holden and Roger K. Deromedi respectively were name co-CEOs of Kraft Foods Inc.. In June of 2001 Philip Morris sold 16. 1 percent stake to the public, making it the second largest initial public offering in United States history. How to cite Kraft Food Company, Essay examples

Othello Essay Research Paper For many centuries free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper For many centuries people have found theatre to be an first-class signifier of amusement. The public # 8217 ; s grasp for such amusement is based upon different theatrical subjects. Whether it is a blithe comedy, that is most certain to raise anyone # 8217 ; s liquors, a passionate love affair, that stirs our inmost romantic emotions, or a desperate calamity, that finds no rime or ground in our alleged # 8220 ; just # 8221 ; construct of life. These types of dramas appeal to the different facets of humanity, and that is why the populace has and will go on to see theatre as quality amusement. One of the most celebrated composers of such play was the late William Shakespeare ( 1564-1616 ) . In the book Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Editor X. J. Kennedy refers to Shakespeare as # 8220 ; the supreme author of English # 8221 ; ( 1009 ) . Shakespeare possessed the rare ability to compose comedies, love narratives, every bit good as calamities, all of which are equal in polish. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper For many centuries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page British novelists J.I.M. Stewart stated that, # 8220 ; Shakespeare # 8217 ; s inherent aptitudes was to do of his dramas the mirror of life, and loosely speech production, he sets about this by the methods of the realistic author # 8221 ; ( 502 ) . His work has withstood the trial of clip and lingual barriers. For centuries audiences have enjoyed his work and have been able to deduce from its readings in which they can tie in. His acute ability to touch all facets of humanity is that he has kept his plants alive throughout the centuries. It is said that when Shakespeare wrote Othello, about 1604, he was at the tallness of his power. Othello was written in the authoritative tragic signifier: A calamity, is as imitation of an action that is serious, complete in itself, And of a certain magnitude ; in a linguistic communication embellished with each sort of Artistry # 8230 ; cast in the signifier of play, non narrative, carry throughing through Incidents that arouse commiseration and fear catharsis of these emotions ( Aristotle quoted, in Kennedy ) A sum-up of Aristotle # 8217 ; s position found in Perrine # 8217 ; s Literature continues with, # 8220 ; The secret plan involves a alteration in the supporter # 8217 ; s fo rtune, in which he normally, but non ever, falls from felicity to misery† ( Aristotle qtd. In Arp. ) . THE TRAGEDY OF OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE. The tragic hero in this calamity is the character Othello, Othello is the baronial stature ; â€Å"All work forces humor his unity, his accomplishment in war, his ability in regulating work forces, his self-governance, his temperate nature, a swayer of work forces who regulations himself† ( Brooke ) . Othello’s aristocracy combined with his fatal defect of green-eyed monster is what makes him a true Shakespearean tragic hero. A authoritative Shakespearian calamity contains baronial characters ; the chief character is held in high regard by all others, and is frequently viewed as being godlike. The gap scenes are designed to present the audience to what has been traveling on in the lives of the characters. Their intent is to supply background information that the audience needs in order to understand the events that follow. The secret plan continues to inspissate throughout the drama, as one event dramatically offsets the following. A authoritative calamity besides contains a subplot that is normally carried out by a minor character. The subplot occurs at the same time within the chief secret plan, and frequently plays a function in the concluding result of the chief secret plan. Next a calamity must hold an exciting force, which is the footing of all the action that will take topographic point. In many calamities a scoundrel who seeks retaliation for, what he believes to be, and unfair act done unto him n ormally causes the exciting force. The exciting force stirs the emotions of a cardinal character ; his ideas have been negatively influenced by the exciting force, and he begins the succumb to his failings. The narrative so begins to taper off, the falling action, into the declaration. Near the terminal of the narrative the audience experiences a minute of concluding suspense, and so eventually a calamity. Every narrative has a hero of some kind. In Shakespeare # 8217 ; s THE TRAGEDY OF OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE the audience looks to character Othello as the tragic hero. One may inquire why Othello is considered to be a tragic hero. To reply that, one must foremost hold an apprehension of what features must be present in order for a character to be deemed a tragic hero.

Microfinance in developing economies

Free Essays on Bill Tilghman

Bill Tilghman was born on the 4th day of July in 1854. His father served as a sharpshooter in Mr. Lincoln’s army during the War between the States and came back partially blinded. As time passed, the elder Tilghman’s vision improved and the family moved from one frontier outpost to another as he plied his trade as a sutler for the army. As a teenager, bill Tilghman, armed with his father’s army-issues Sharps rifle, partnered with another young man named Jim Elder and left Dodge City to become a buffalo hunter. Over the next several years, his group grew to one of the largest on the frontier. Tilghman killed over seven thousand buffalo, almost doubling Buffalo Bill Cody’s record. In the mid- 1870’s Tilghman’s older brother Richard joined the team and was subsequently killed by a passing war party. Tilghman met and fell in love with Flora Kendall. He went off to scout for the army and she married another man. Her husband was killed in a horse-related accident and the pregnant Flora moved back to Dodge with her family. Tilghman found out about this and returned and married her. They partnered with Neal Brown and bought a ranch on Bluff Creek, outside Dodge City. The baby, James, was born and he was sickly. He died as an infant. Many of Tilghman’s buffalo hunting friends became famous in their own right, once the buffalo hunting had ceased. They all headquartered around Dodge City and the group influenced one another as they all drifted towards law enforcement. One was a Canadian who had to use a cane due to having been caught in flagrant delicto with another man’s wife. In the bedroom gunfight, the former buffalo hunter killed the husband, but only after the man had shot through the woman (killing her and hitting the hunter in the rear end. Bat Masterson became Sheriff of Ford County, Kansas in 1878. He ... Free Essays on Bill Tilghman Free Essays on Bill Tilghman Bill Tilghman was born on the 4th day of July in 1854. His father served as a sharpshooter in Mr. Lincoln’s army during the War between the States and came back partially blinded. As time passed, the elder Tilghman’s vision improved and the family moved from one frontier outpost to another as he plied his trade as a sutler for the army. As a teenager, bill Tilghman, armed with his father’s army-issues Sharps rifle, partnered with another young man named Jim Elder and left Dodge City to become a buffalo hunter. Over the next several years, his group grew to one of the largest on the frontier. Tilghman killed over seven thousand buffalo, almost doubling Buffalo Bill Cody’s record. In the mid- 1870’s Tilghman’s older brother Richard joined the team and was subsequently killed by a passing war party. Tilghman met and fell in love with Flora Kendall. He went off to scout for the army and she married another man. Her husband was killed in a horse-related accident and the pregnant Flora moved back to Dodge with her family. Tilghman found out about this and returned and married her. They partnered with Neal Brown and bought a ranch on Bluff Creek, outside Dodge City. The baby, James, was born and he was sickly. He died as an infant. Many of Tilghman’s buffalo hunting friends became famous in their own right, once the buffalo hunting had ceased. They all headquartered around Dodge City and the group influenced one another as they all drifted towards law enforcement. One was a Canadian who had to use a cane due to having been caught in flagrant delicto with another man’s wife. In the bedroom gunfight, the former buffalo hunter killed the husband, but only after the man had shot through the woman (killing her and hitting the hunter in the rear end. Bat Masterson became Sheriff of Ford County, Kansas in 1878. He ...

THE 2012 FLOODING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA Research Paper

THE 2012 FLOODING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA - Research Paper Example Australia remained under heavy flooding in last two years. People of Australia were of the view that the heavy flooding is cause of global warming. The cause of record rain fall and flooding is not global warming but it is result of back to back La Nina events. El Nino and El Nino southern oscillations are the dry brothers of La Nino. These events are known as the extreme of a climate temperature in that region. These effects have caused draught and rains in Australia for the last hundred of years even well before the emission of carbon dioxide by human beings in the atmosphere. Australia’s bureau of meteorology reported that weather department warned people about possibility of floods in 2012 as the ocean temperature was more then normal. Despite early warning and evacuation of homes in Queensland, the flood played havoc in east Australia and disrupted communication and business facilities (Editor, 2012). On 23 January, the rain started in Brisbane and devastated life there i n the shape of flood. South eastern Queensland was the most effected area from these floods of 2012. The recorded rainfall in 24 hours was approximately 300 millimeters in the region. Beaches were closed and roads were filled with flooded water. On 27 January, central Queensland was under heavy rain and thunderstorm. This situation of rainfall and flooding of the area remain continued till end of the march. In New South Wales all the roads were cut and rivers were heavily flooded. Barwon and Darling rivers were heavily flooded while passing through New South Wales in February 2012 (Samuels, 2012). More than 9000 people were told to evacuate Wagga Wagga as the river reached the top water level. People were still saved as the levee was still holding the area all around. Despite early warning and efficient rescue system the Australian people were surprised by the flood. Heavy rain fall in complete region left no time with the people to establish them selves away from the flood. Moreove r the water rose in oceans and rivers and area around the course of a water channel was badly hit due to over flooding (Samuels, 2012). Floods had long lasting economic, social and environmental impacts on Australia. Worldwide commodity and agricultural products saw a rise in prices. Social life and basic facilities and structure were badly damaged in Queensland and surrounding areas. Environmental changes due to La Nino affect disturbed the life in the region. The floods are expects to cause short term economic effects on Queensland until the complete economic revival takes place. Queensland is the main economic hub of Australia as it contributes about 20% in the Australian economic growth (IBIS World, 2011). Agriculture sector is also badly hit because the crops worth 1.6 billion dollors have been destroyed by the recent floods. Sugarcane and cotton production in the area has been seriously affected. This is going to result in short term price rise of about 200%. Significant damag e to property and road infrastructure has been done in Queensland and Brisbane. About 18000 residential and commercial properties suffered partial and complete damage. Electric and water services were seriously disrupted in Australia. Australia is very attractive tourist destination for the world. Floods resulted in reducing the tourism activities as people preferred not to visit flood hit Australia until the system of tourism is set back on track. This widely affected the social life of people in Australia. Total of 10 billion dollars

A summary post us even more important in this forum given the range of Coursework

A summary post us even more important in this forum given the range of issues thathave been covered - Coursework Example market and sets high prices than the prices at which the buyers are willing to buy at leading to the restriction of supply quantity and a reduction in the demand of the consumers for the product due to the high prices (Varoufakis, 1998). One example of a monopoly is the government of Saudi Arabia that has total control for supply of oil and the whole oil industry. Other examples include Sky film that has led to increased prices in the pay television business in the UK. Inappropriate competition may result to an oligopoly, which is a form of market failure where a small number of firms dominate the market and decisions by one firms influences that of other firms in the market (Howard et al., 2009). Collusion among the firms leads to setting of higher prices and limiting of supplier affecting the consumers in the market. Examples of oligopolies include Tesco, Sainsbury, Morrisons, and Asda, which have 74.4% of the grocery market and Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Natwest, and Halifax, which together dominate the banking sector in the United Kingdom. Inappropriate information may also result to a situation characterized by one buyer influencing the decisions of the suppliers in the market, a situation referred to as a monopsony (Ferguson, 2004). An example of a monopsony in the Natural Led Lumber Media Company where it is the only company conducting lumbering operations in Lumber town. As demonstrated in the above examples of monopoly, oligopoly, and monopsony as cases for inappropriate competition, leading to market failure, which results in the lack of a free market mechanism for allocation of goods and services demonstrated by these conditions in the

RUNNING HEAD TEAM DYNAMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RUNNING HEAD TEAM DYNAMICS - Essay Example So, effective and efficient groups work provides security and social satisfaction for customers and organization supporting individual needs and promoting communication, formally or informally. Recent trends underline the important of client-oriented relations and high level of cohesiveness in working groups which ensures clients satisfaction and improve service level. (Buchholz and Roth 1987). The advantage and benefits of working in teams are joined actions of all team members and an opportunity to work on complex problems and solutions. For this reason, team work plays a crucial role as it is concerned with provision of services for the diverse client population. Design of a team and effective leader can be seen only as tools for providing effective support. Neither a group work nor a leader in isolation cannot secure effective work of modern organizations. Group work is a complex notion which depends upon different strategies and methods. Modern organizations deal socially and economically with diverse settings. The class-based approach has a tendency to foster autonomy of client population. ... (Dickson and Hargie 2003). The main challenge of team work is effective communication and coordination of all team members, motivation and rewards. In general, a work team can be defined as a group of individuals working interdependently to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Teams are a powerful design option for organizations that hope to meet the challenges of increased global competition, improve output quality, and address the social needs of the ever-changing global workforce. However, the success or failure of work teams in multinational organizations will depend largely on communication. Effective communication requires that HR practitioners adapt key assumptions about motivation, structure, and accountability. Adapted assumptions must support lateral thinking, collaboration, interdependence, a focus on process, permeable boundaries, and mutual responsibility. Following LaFasto and Larsen (2001) the "key ingredients" for successful teamwork are "openness, supportiveness, action orientation and personal style" (p. 5). Work teams are most effective when there is high task interdependence or a high degree of coordination and collaboration required between team members to accomplish tasks. Thus, a group of insurance sales agents who are geographically dispersed and have little interaction with one another to carry out their tasks would most likely be an inappropriate context in which to implement teams. The agents would probably see such an effort as an empty, poorly developed strategy designed to capitalize on a management fad. Work teams are also more appropriate when the tasks that their members carry out are complex and well designed (Dickson and

Strategic Management Of Starbucks Marketing Essay

Strategic Management Of Starbucks Marketing Essay The aim of this project report is to critically analyse the strategic issues being faced by an organization. The organization chosen for this task is the company Starbucks, which will be analysed using relevant concepts reviewed in the module using appropriate theory and models. The report structure would start with a brief introduction to the company Starbucks followed by the strategic issues faced by the firm. The issues are outlined before in the report based on the analysis which has been carried out using the above models. After discussing the current and recent issues facing Starbucks the company analysis would follow which would be supported with relevant theory and application of suitable models. After completing the industry analysis conclusion and recommendations would be provided for Starbucks to counter the strategic problems. The Starbucks Company was founded in Seattle in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Seigel with a vision to educate American consumers about the fine coffee drinking experience. In 1987 Howard Schultz took over the Starbucks Group, he wanted to create the Italian espresso bar experience in America by creating a personal relationship between the customers and their coffee. Just within a couple of years they grew from a small coffee business house to a multi-million dollar player in the industry by buying only the best coffee available and providing the people with an unmatched store experience. As standing, Starbucks is number one in the speciality coffee industry, with more than 12,000 shops in more than 35 countries. The Starbucks mission statement is To inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. Freshly brewed coffee is the main product offered by Starbucks along with other drinks which include cold and hot teas, cakes and pastries. The Starbucks coffee comes in a many varieties each possessing a different taste, aroma and flavour. In addition to its extensive product offerings, Starbucks has many brands including; Starbucks Hear Music, Tazo Tea, Starbucks Entertainment, , Ethos Water, Torrefazione Italia coffee and Seattles Best Coffee. The successful management of all of these brands pulled together constitutes the Starbucks portfolio. Starbucks is also one of the most globally conscious corporations in the world.  Ã‚  In 2006 Starbucks donated $36.1 million in cash and products, volunteered 383,000 hours in local communities, required growers to use strict environmental guidelines, used 20% renewable energy in stores, and actively recycled in almost 80% of stores in US and Canada. Starbucks has established itself as the coffee leader in the world and has done so on a socially and environmentally conscious platform.   STRATEGIC ISSUES FACING STARBUCKS The major challenge that Starbucks is dealing with is the current financial crisis in the world economy forcing them to call closures of many stores around the world. Another challenge that Starbucks is dealing with is competitors. There are numerous coffee shops all over the world and being able to stand out to generate customers is important. Their main competitors are Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds, and Nestle in the US and brands like Costa Coffee and Caffà ¨ Nero in the UK, the two major markets for Starbucks. It is important that for Starbucks to know their competitors and what they are currently doing. Also Starbuck coffees are priced higher than other market competitors because of Starbucks only purchasing the highest quality coffee beans for their product, thus increasing the price of the drink giving the competitors a cost advantage over Starbucks. Also Starbucks inadequate marketing strategy on advertising is a hindrance in the business growth opportunities. They prefer to build the brand by promoting the drinks cup-by-cup with customers. The advertisement ends until they drink the coffee, reducing the chances to attract valuable customers. Starbucks also does not emphasize on distributing their products to supermarket because of being concerned with the quality of the coffee; if the coffees were packaged into plastic bags. Also the rigorous expansion strategy followed by Starbucks can take a toll on the firms brand image. As corporations grow there can be a tendency to focus too heavily on increasing output and locations, and less focus on quality and brand image. Starbucks needs to stay with its values and ideals that have made it successful. Also Starbucks policy of not franchising can be a cause of concern for the firm. Advantages of Starbucks franchising would be to open hundreds of new stores with less risk to the company, and make profits in doing so. In addition Starbucks would have less research and development costs because the franchisee would have greater knowledge of the local market in terms of demographics, psychographics, geographic, and local/state/country regulations. Consumption of coffee is not dependent on the price of the product but also on the differentiation between each product and several value adding variables such as the quality of customer services, brand, brand recognition and image of the company. Hence, Starbucks is not majorly sensitive to movements of other firms in this segment. 2. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS Starbuck is the world leader in its industry and has controlled access to distribution channels. Starbucks have exhibited this control over distribution channels by setting guidelines for their suppliers to follow. Starbucks is also constantly innovating and showing strong product differentiation to hamper the possibility of new entrants. However, the entry barrier for the industry is relatively low and any big firm where capital is not a problem could be a potential entrant. Some of the more current and on-going threats of new entrants include fast food chains such as McDonalds, Burger King and Dunkin Donuts which can become a major problem in the near future. 3. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS A big threat to Starbucks is the absence of switching costs in the speciality coffee industry, customers face no switching costs in switching from Starbucks to Costa Coffee or Caffà © Nero for a cup of coffee. Another threat to Starbucks is that their customers have the ability to brew their own coffee. Starbucks has tried to counter this threat by offering Preferred Office Coffee Providers as well as directions on how to make the perfect cup of Starbucks coffee at home, called the Four Fundamentals of Coffee. The perfect cup of Starbucks Coffee includes, of course, Starbucks ingredients! Also with new entrants and competitors such as McDonalds who claim to offer premium roast coffee of reasonable quality for lower price, it is clear that Starbucks customers have some bargaining power in the industry. 4. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS Coffee is the worlds second largest traded commodity. South and Central America produce the majority of coffee traded in the world. Starbucks depends upon both outside brokers and direct contact with exporters for the supply of premium coffee beans. The quality of coffee beans sought by Starbucks is very high, proving to be a potential threat to the company. Only suppliers who can meet Starbucks coffee standards will be able to supply the giant company. The supplying industry only has few firms which can deliver the quality giving them considerable bargaining powers. However, Starbucks counters this due to its massive size and being the primary buyer and also because of the importance of Starbucks business to any individual supplier as it would account for a large percentage of the total suppliers sales, thus reducing the bargaining power of suppliers. Starbucks has to effectively pursue a Focus-Based Strategy in conjunction with differentiation and a cost leadership based strategy. Being a lower cost store will increase the difference between Starbucks and provide it with a competitive edge. At present, Starbucks competitors are attempting to specialize in the coffee business, therefore Starbucks must pursue focus strategy to increase its strength. Starbucks must reduce their product price by producing a new product of coffee using cheaper beans or can come out with special discounts and promotions to reduce cost, thus increasing sales enabling Starbucks to enter new low cost markets and increase profitability. Also needs to focus on building alliances in new markets/countries to reduce management focus and benefit from the local and experience curves. Should focus on advertising the brand through internet services for users to access, do road shows, hand out brochures etc. so that consumers become more aware of the brands strong international presence and brand name. Market penetration and market development will help increase the sales. Access unexplored distribution channels like making available packaged Starbucks coffee for consumers by displaying it nationwide in various convenience and shopping stores and not only Starbucks stores. Starbucks must adopt twin policies of Product Development and Product-Market Diversification to counter the stiff competition in international markets. It is important to understand this in the product development phase as they would need to focus solely on making their existing products better. The company can demonstrate product and market diversification through research and development coupled with creativity and innovation. Product differentiation has proven an excellent defence against threats such as bargaining power of buyers. Developing new products will offset such potential risks. A strategy should be formulated to tackle the competition by entering into agreements, long-term contracts, with the food service companies that they are competing against. This way their coffee would be sold at these outlets and they would gain access to new markets and increase sales while decreasing competition. Starbucks should continue to be a first mover into markets with new products and ideas. Being a first mover of new products into new international markets will be an excellent way for Starbucks to build customer loyalty and uphold its image as an innovative company. Starbucks should continue to locate their operations in high traffic areas, high visibility areas. The company should continue to take excellent care in picking locations. It is extremely important that Starbucks international stores reflect uniqueness in their location and layout. Having locations in a variety of locations will ensure large market exposure.

Varying Definitions of Community Essays -- Definition Essays

Varying Definitions of Community Being enrolled here at State University, one is a part of a community, a type of give and take community between both the elite student and knowledgeable professor.   The students enroll in this community by choice, and all of them share a common goal of success and wanting to grow and prosper through the community experience.   Today's version of the word community differs from past years and probably from how the word will evolve in the future.   In the examining of different dictionaries on the word â€Å"community† one can find that the meanings are very similar, yet they also have some slight variations. The community here at Michigan State University is a good example of the word community.   This example is especially prevalent in this definition of the word from The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary where it states a community being "a body of persons of common and especially professional interests scattered through a larger society <the academic community>".   This is exactly the type of community we have here at MSU.   In looking at the numerous definitions in The Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition, it was obvious in that all of the definitions re-ascertained the same type of meaning that was in BOLD text among all of the rest.   The overall put together definition from all of the definitions found in this particular source was described as a "social group with different members who dwell in the same place and share some sort of common ground" (Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition) this definition stands true to our Michigan State community.   The definiti on also takes on a surprisingly different meaning in some of the older reference sources.   Having never seen such a definition ... ... meaning still remains the same.   People talk about community and getting involved in the community all of the time.   The people talking always revert back to the basic definition, and that's usually what they're talking about†¦Getting involved, or just plain old talking about (good or bad) the group of people whom live in the same area as they do, who share some of the same common interests as they do and hopefully, in the end, are always trying to better it day by day. Works Cited *   "Community".   A Dictionary of American English.Volume I.Sir William A. Craigie.1897. *   "Community".   The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 11th edition. 14 Nov. 2004.http://www.m-w.com/. *   "Community".   Nouveau Dictionnaire Anglais-Francais. J. McLAUGHLIN. 1914 *   "Community".   The Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition.Volume III.J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner.1989.

Control Mechanisms: The Walt Disney Company Essay

Introduction Organizations use control mechanisms to help regulate guidelines and procedures which contribute toward effectively achieving organizational goals. The Walt Disney Company is a well known entertainment organization that has become tremendously successful both nationally and internationally over the past 70 years or so partly through successful implementation of control mechanisms throughout every aspect of the organization. The purpose of this paper is to explore four types of control mechanisms used by the Walt Disney Company: (1) budgetary, (2) financial, (3) management audit, and (4) bureaucratic through compare and contrast to determine the effectiveness of each by examining the positive and negative reactions to these control mechanisms in order to explain how the different control mechanisms impact the four functions of management throughout the organization. Budgetary Controls Budgetary controls are a well known and frequently used control measure throughout corporate America and the international business market system. Budgetary controls are used to align the various company operating costs with the company’s strategic goals and to either verify goal attainment or to plan corrective action. Throughout its existence, Walt Disney has implemented many different budgetary controls reaching across numerous and diverse product lines. With the motion picture production division, production budgets were used to limit expenses for the cost of materials and equipment, talented actors, various support staff, and the marketing and placement of movies into circulation. As Walt Disney expanded its business to include multiple elaborate theme parks, a capital budget was created to establish a threshold on the cost of real estate, buildings and equipment, and the operating and maintenance costs. When the company decided to venture into the production of toys and clothing, the management designed and implemented a sales budget to manage the increased cost of entering a new market. With the budgetary controls in place, Walt Disney has managed to keep operating costs at an acceptable level and experienced remarkable success in the entertainment industry. These budgetary controls have given the company the ability to venture into new markets, cross international borders, and bring family entertainment to the world. â€Å"Its filmed entertainment units have been riding high on a string of box office successes and its theme parks continue to draw millions of visitors each year.† (The Walt Disney Company, 2008). Along with the use of budgets, companies universally use various financial statements to put into practice financial controls. Financial Controls The Walt Disney Company’s main financial objective is to be able to generate revenue through growth and long-term shareholder values. The segments of which the Disney Company is categorized are studio entertainment, parks and resorts, media networks and consumer products. Each segment generates a different percent of the organizations profit. 42% of Disney’s income is through media networking and expends 55% operating the resource. 30% is earned from parks and resorts, while it takes 22% to operate the resource. Studio and entertainment earn 21% of Walt Disney’s revenue; however, 15% is used to operate this resource and lastly 7% is earned form consumer products and 8% is used to control this expense (Disney, 2008). The Disney Company resources are very effective to maintaining and operation of the business; however, some of the resources are costing more to operate than producing income. Therefore, the decision to keep maintaining the resources that are costing more to operate are costly for business. Planning for the future of the Walt Disney Company is a continuous process; the company strives to be the leader of the entertainment world through imaginative entertainment. Disney’s financial success is due to their efficient leaders who also employ talented individuals to help increase profitability through the company’s mission, values and goal planning. Management Audit Controls Overseeing The Walt Disney Organization is a major responsibility for Disney’s Board of Directors. Responsibilities are extensive, including the overseeing of the company’s systems of internal control, including compliance of financial reports, implementing policy and  procedures, along with adhering to the applicable laws. According to the Disney (2007)†¦ The Committee shall have responsibility for overseeing that management has implemented an effective system of internal control to promote the reliability of financial and operating information and compliance, including those related to risk management, ethics and conflicts of interest. The Committee plans periodical evaluations to discuss with management any audit findings, including management recommendations for improvement in a particular area in order to promote internal control. Having an effective internal control is extremely important in any organization, especially The Walt Disney Organization, because of the magnitude of its organization. Internal control of management audits are designed to provide reasonable assurance that goals are being achieved in all organizational areas, including effectiveness and efficiencies of operations, reliable and accurate financial reporting, and that all laws are in compliance. Bureaucratic Controls Bureaucratic control is a necessary tool used by large corporations. The Walt Disney Company is not an exception to when it comes to using bureaucracy to control the corporation. Bateman and Snell (2007) define bureaucratic control as â€Å"the use of rules, regulations, and authority to guide performance. When a person thinks of Walt Disney, the first things that may come to mind are creativity and risk taking. Walt Disney has released groundbreaking movies that are time consuming to make and have large budgets. A risk is taken every time a movie is created. The risk is that there may not be a market for the product. Walt Disney uses bureaucratic control to insure that all business units are working towards performance standards set by the leaders of the corporation. Bureaucratic control can have a stifling effect on the creativity of the persons working under the system. Robert A. Iger is President and Chief Executive Officer of Walt Disney. According to Chaffin and Waters (2006) when Mr. Iger became the CEO of Walt Disney he removed the corporation’s strategic planning committee. The move was made to loosen up the bureaucratic control that the committee had over  the corporation’s business units. The loosening of the bureaucratic control could allow for new ideas to be explored without the fear of the idea being lost in an overbearing bureaucratic system. Not going through the old system of control will also allow innovations to be quickly applied. Quickly applying innovation will help Walt Disney gain a larger market share. Free thinking and risk taking must be balanced with bureaucratic control in order for Walt Disney to remain a successful corporation. Conclusion Based on the research presented through compare and contrast one can conclude that the four control mechanisms selected: (1) budgetary, (2) financial, (3) management audit, and (4) bureaucratic each has had a profound and positive impact on the Walt Disney Company’s success from different aspects of the organization. Each of the four selected control mechanisms has impacted the four functions of management to different degrees. Planning was impacted mainly by ever changing budget, finance and management audit controls depending on the cost of production materials, equipment, staff and so forth. Organizing was impacted by each of the four controls based on the initial planning process for each division; hence, when strategic plans were altered by these control mechanisms organizing was altered accordingly. Leading was mainly impacted by management audit and bureaucratic controls through the company’s internal and external evaluations when leadership decisions lead the company in a different and more productive direction. Lastly, controlling was impacted by each of the four control mechanisms based on internal and external evaluations that lead to the implementation of each control mechanism. References Bateman T., and Snell S., (2007), Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th Ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. Chaffin, J., and Waters, R., (2006). Drawing on Jobs’ judgment but harnessing talents of Pixar chief could be challenge even for Bob Iger, says Richard Waters. The Financial Times, p.29. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS Disney. (2007). Committee Charters- Audit. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from http://Corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/charters_audit.html Disney. (2008). The Walt Disney Company Reports Record Earnings for Fiscal Year 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from http://amedia.disney.go.com/investorrelations/quarterly_earnings/2007_q4.pdf The Walt Disney Company. (2008). Austin, Texas: Hoovers Company Inc. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from ProQuest Central database. (Document ID: 168155651).

The Development Of Sustainable Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration refers to a long term displacement in the Earths planetary or regional clime, measured by long term alterations in the conditions conditions, such as temperature, precipitation and air current form. With additions in planetary mean air and ocean temperatures, widespread thaw of snow and ice, and lifting planetary mean sea degrees, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) appraisal study concludes that planetary heating is univocal and speed uping. Although clime alteration is a natural phenomenon, the warming tendency since the mid-20th century is really likely due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuel and deforestation which addition concentrations of nursery gases ( GHGs ) . As human-induced GHGs such as C dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) , per fluorocarbons ( PFCs ) , hydro fluorocarbons ( HFCs ) and sulphur hexafluoride ( SF6 ) act like a cover which traps heat in the ambiance, the rush of GHG concentrations after the Industrial Revolution has resulted in an enhanced nursery consequence, doing the Earth acquire hotter and hotter. The IPCC projected that there would be more frequent and intense extreme conditions events due to planetary heating. We must non let temperatures to lift more than 2A °C above pre-industrial degrees if we wish to avoid ruinous impacts of clime alteration. The effects of planetary heating are in some ways less definable than the causes. Let us follow a concatenation of events so as to be able to wholly visualize the graduated table and range of the job. Rising sea degrees Salt H2O invasion Extreme conditions Increased rainfall Drought Acidic Oceans Destabilization of local climes From its origin, HK-BEAM has been the lone strategy of its sort to arise in Hong Kong and be widely applied across the district. HK-BEAM buttockss undertakings in footings of their whole-life site, stuffs, energy, H2O, indoor environment and advanced facets. Improvements are identified during appraisal, and edifices are labelled as Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze or Unclassified consequently. Although much has been written about the societal, economic and environmental facets of sustainable development, what constitutes a sustainable, green, healthy or ecology-friendly edifice remains a affair of point of view. Hong Kong is a semitropical, high-density and high-rise community. In this context, HK-BEAM positions sustainable edifice as embrace ( in order of precedence ) safety, wellness, comfort, map and efficiency while protecting local, regional and planetary ecosystems during building and operational life-times. HK-BEAM Plus therefore integrates facets including: Hygiene, wellness, comfort and agreeableness ; Land usage, site impacts and conveyance ; Use of stuffs, recycling and waste ; Water quality, preservation and recycling ; and Energy efficiency and preservation.1.2 Purposes and AimsThe purpose of this survey is to place suited attack in the development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. The following are the aims: To comprehensively reexamine the historical background and the recent development of Sustainable Buildings To reexamine authorities attempts and their effectivity in the publicity of Sustainable Buildings ; To place the major Barriers in the development of sustainable edifices ; To research possible ways to get the better of these barriers ; To analyze which type ( s ) of sustainability could be adopted in Hong Kong and how they could be implemented.1.3 Research Methodology1.3.1 Literature reappraisal Literature reappraisal for the constructs of sustainable edifices. And their features in development every bit good as the development of the environmental protection policies of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Relevant information can be obtained from library, authorities governments, the Internet and professional organic structures concerned. 1.3.2 Case surveies Case surveies to exemplify the practical execution of sustainable edifices development in Hong Kong. 1.3.3 Interviews Interviews with belongings developers and built environment professionals who own and have participated in sustainable edifices to understand the aims and characteristics of these belongingss. 1.3.4 Questionnaire study Questionnaire study among project squad practicians to roll up sentiments from another class of sustainable edifice stakeholders.1.4 Restrictions of the StudyAvailability and truth of relevant information ; Response rate of questionnaire study ; Willingness of targeted interviewees ; Personal restrictions e.g. clip and resources.1.5 Summary of DissertationPhase 1 Literature Review Reappraisal on the relevant books, diaries, and articles sing the construct of development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. The intent of the literature criterions reviews to place â€Å" development of sustainable edifices † in Hong Kong. Phase 2 Questionnaire Surveys and Conduct of interview Questionnaire Surveys 1. Deliver questionnaires. 2. Analysis of the studies result. 3. Compare happening and drumhead, cross-checking for any correlativity. Questionnaire study was carried out to look into the consciousness of the general populace and their position. Phase 3 Case Study Case surveies will be employed in order to acquire more inside informations from the building subdivision in order to place the demand and contents of the current sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. Phase 4 Discussion and Conclusions The major barriers confronting the development and execution of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. Explore possible ways to get the better of these barriers. Examine which type ( s ) of sustainability could be adopted in Hong Kong and how they could be implemented.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Introduction2.1.1 The effects of planetary heating The effects of planetary heating are in some ways less definable than the causes. It seems uneven that such immense manifestations of alteration such as lifting sea degrees, glacier retreat, and Arctic shrinking someway manage to filtrate down so that when members of western civilisation safely tucked away in places and flats look at the effects they are so distant as to go unseeable. What we may good bear watching are the effects of the effects of planetary heating. These secondary consequences are so non-linear as to be a random crop of environmental and economic quandary that, when to the full formed and in topographic point nowadays a unequivocal short-run danger. Let us one time once more follow a concatenation of events so as to be able to wholly visualize the graduated table and range of the job. 2.1.2 Sustainable Building A sustainable edifice provides a quality life agreeableness for its users and neighbors in footings of societal, environmental and economic facets while minimising environmental impact at the local, regional and planetary degrees throughout its full life rhythm. The edifices in which we live, work and play protect us from Nature ‘s extremes. Yet, they besides affect our wellness and environment in infinite ways. The design, building, direction and remotion of edifices take tremendous sums of energy, H2O and stuffs, and bring forth big measures of waste, air and H2O pollution. Buildings besides develop their ain indoor environments, which present an array of wellness challenges. Where and how they are built and managed affects wildlife home ground and corridors and the hydrologic rhythm, while act uponing the overall quality of human life ( U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005 ) . As the environmental impact of edifices become more evident, issues about â€Å" green edifices † are deriving impulse. Green edifices are designed, constructed and operated to hike environmental, economic, wellness and productiveness public presentation over that of conventional edifices ( U.S. Green Building Council, 2002 ) . The benefits of edifice green include cost nest eggs from reduced energy, H2O and waste ; lower operation and care costs ; and enhanced occupant productiveness and wellness. Sustainable building techniques provide an ethical and practical response to issues of environmental impact and resource ingestion. Sustainability premises encompass the full life rhythm of the edifice and its component constituents, from resource extraction through disposal at the terminal of the stuffs ‘ utile life. High-performance green edifice design relies on renewable resources for energy systems ; recycling and reuse of H2O and stuffs, integrating of native and altered species for landscaping ; inactive warming, chilling and airing ; and other attacks that minimize environmental impact and resource ingestion ( Kibert, 2005 ) . A label of edifice quality HK-BEAM provides a individual public presentation label for overall edifice quality in regard of safety, wellness and comfort ( of import to users, residents, purchasers and renters ) , and the environment and society ( of import to the community as a whole ) . Clients finally decide on the virtues of enfranchisement, but appraisals assure quality – non as a subjective promise but as a mensural world. HK-BEAM is noteworthy in that new edifices are non to the full certified until they are complete. This came approximately by popular demand from clients to guarantee that design and building patterns are really implemented and reflected in the concluding certification for the reinforced merchandise. Buildings that are planned, built, commissioned and maintained to HK-BEAM criterions are safe, healthy, comfy, efficient and productive with lower environmental impacts. Whole-life rhythm for all edifice types HK-BEAM buttockss public presentation across the whole life rhythm utilizing two criterions: HK-BEAM for new edifice developments, which covers planning, design, building, commissioning and renovation ; and HK-BEAM for bing premises, concentrating on direction, operation and care. Appraisals encourage elaborate design analysis, utilizing computer-aided tools including computational fluid kineticss to foretell undertaking facets such as the awaited microclimate. Design is merely one phase of the development procedure, nevertheless. HK-BEAM besides helps to concentrate attending during building and operation so that the design purpose can be fulfilled, and it besides provides feedback so that plans fitting building and operational demands. All edifices under individual ownership can be assessed utilizing HK-BEAM, including commercial, residential, retail, catering, industrial, educational, institutional and hotel edifices. Any mix of cardinal chilling, mechanical airing or natural airing is catered for, whether to the shell or fitted out. In all instances, HK-BEAM focuses on what the interior decorator, builder and commissioning agent can accomplish.2.2 The historical background and the recent development of Sustainable BuildingsIn Hong Kong, green edifice is no n a well-known term until the recent old ages when the environmental impacts has reached an alarming phase. To understand the development of different constructing types in Hong Kong can assist to understand more about green edifice construct. Furthermore, edifice development in Hong Kong, peculiarly for green commercial edifices, should be investigated so that a general image of green edifice in Hong Kong can be provided. This would do the probe of green edifice policy more complete and thorough. Beatley ( 2000 ) admits that the green design and intelligent edifices have drawn great attending and involvements of the society including authorities and besides private sectors in recent old ages merely. The ground for Hong Kong to follow the construct of green edifice is to avoid big amount of outgo on edifices ‘ energy ingestion, peculiarly in the commercial sector Air-conditioned offices started to spread out in the sixtiess when Hong Kong begins its economic development. Energ y was relatively inexpensive and issues related to energy were non taken into consideration by interior interior decorators and designers. Energy-efficient edifices were so demanded in the 1970s after the oil trade stoppage incident in 1973. However, the over-responsive cutback in seeking to cut down energy usage led to ‘sick edifice ‘ every bit good as ‘sick constructing syndrome ‘ . Intelligent edifice which came right after was besides abandoned due to the deficiency of well-trained proficient staff. Finally, the thought of green edifice is bit by bit being adopted ( Chan, Burnett & A ; Jones, 2000 ) . Early on as in 1992, the United Nations revealed a coder related to sustainable development, which is the Agenda 21. It is a comprehensive design of action to be taken in response of all worlds ‘ impact on the environment. In the building industry, Agenda 21 calls for ecologically sound land-use policies, energy-efficient design, an increased input of locally available resources and the valorisation of traditional and autochthonal edifice techniques. Cooperation among authorities and non-government entities are called upon in cut downing the cost of edifice stuffs for low-income citizens and to advance the usage of labor-intensive patterns in order to bring forth employment ( United Nations, 1992 ) . In Hong Kong, the ‘Green Building Movement ‘ was initiated by the Government to advance green and advanced edifice. This motion was launched to convey forth the construct of environmentally friendly design. Hong Kong faces significant addition in population every twelvemonth and the life environment is the major concern for all. Merely if the environmental protection steps being widely implemented, the life environment can so be ensured. Therefore, there is a turning concern of the environmental public presentation in Hong Kong ( Smith, 1999 ) .2.3 Government attempts and their effectivity in the publicity of Sustainable Buildings2.3.1 Legislative model Assorted sections are involved in doing and implementing policy refering environmental protection. The Advisory Council on the Environment ( ACE ) advises the Government on steps for the bar and suspension of pollution. The Environmental Campaign Committee organizes events in Hong Kong to advance community environmental consciousness and administers portion of the Environment and Conservation Fund. The Environmental Protection Department formulates policies and grips specific environmental issues. Each of the Ordinances regulates activities of a peculiar field. Those related to the building industry include The Noise Control Ordinance The Air Pollution Control Ordinance The Water Pollution Control Ordinance The Waste Disposal Ordinance The Dumping at Sea Ordinance The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Other authorities sections such as Planning Department, Civil Engineering Department and Buildings Departments all work together at different building stages to heighten Hong Kong edifice environment. Basically, Buildings Department is the chief organic structure to advance the quality of edifice developments. Through administrating and implementing the Buildings Ordinance ( BO ) , it takes a prima function and recommend a joint attempt with the edifice industry and other authorities sections or bureaus to advance a sustainable built environment in Hong Kong ; implements good patterns of green direction in our workplace ; and raises the consciousness of the populace of the importance of a sustainable environment in our community. 2.3.2 Green edifice policies Different types of green edifice policy instruments are used by Hong Kong authorities to advance green edifice and restricting environmental amendss of edifice ( Chan, Burnett & A ; Jones, 2000 ) . All of them come together to organize the footing of green constructing policies in Hong Kong. 2.3.3 Joint Practice Notes The Buildings Department, Lands Department and the Planning Department jointly issued Joint Practice Notes ( JPN ) No. 1 in February in 2001 and JPN No.2 in February in 2002. The Joint Practice Notes No. 1 sets out the inducements to promote the incorporation of specific green characteristics in edifice development, such as, Balconies, Wider common corridors and lift anterooms, Communal sky gardens, Communal dais gardens, Acoustic fives, Awnings and reflectors, and Flying walls, air current backstops and funnels. These characteristics will be exempted from Gross Floor Area ( GFA ) and Site Coverage ( SC ) computations. In JPN No. 2, farther add-on of green characteristics is made. They include: non-structural prefabricated external walls, public-service corporation platforms mail bringing suites with letter boxs, noise barriers, and communal sky gardens for non-residential edifices. There are wholly eleven specific types of green characteristics which can use for freedoms from gross floor country and/or site coverage in new edifices. The inducements on green edifice characteristics served as accelerators to trip off impulse and desire for environmentally friendly edifice developments ( Wu, 2004 ) . They are initial stairss in accomplishing green edifice in Hong Kong by promoting interior decorators and developers from following environmentally friendly characteristics in edifice developments. It is an constituted authorities policy to promote and advance the building of green and advanced edifices ( Government Press Release LCQ 9, 2006 ) . Capable to the relevant rental conditions, payment of premium may be required in regard of the freedom of GFA of the relevant type of green characteristics ( Government Press Release LCQ 16, 2006 ) . Green features which form portion of the single flats in the edifice and are for the sole ownership and enjoyment of the proprietors and occupants of these single flats would pull premium, i.e. including balconies, public-service corporation platforms and non-structural prefabricated external walls. Other green characteristics which are communal in nature and serve all proprietors and occupants of the development e.g. wider common corridors and lift anterooms, communal sky gardens and mail bringing room with mail boxes do non pull payment of premium. 2.3.4 Guidelines In add-on to the JPNs, there are other issues to advance green edifices. A figure of Practice Notes for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers associating to environmentally friendly design and building and Code of Practice are issued to help in clear uping uncertainnesss that the professionals may meet in run intoing the environmental criterions in building industry. These codifications are adapted from clip to clip in order to suit the statute law. However, they do non hold legal powers but merely function as an reading of the statute law from the position of authorities and supply waies for people to follow. 2.3.5 Energy efficiency ordinance in commercial edifice The Building ( Energy Efficiency ) Regulations was enacted in 21/9/2012 to modulate commercial and hotel edifices. Buildings are designed and constructed as to accomplish energy efficiency to the satisfaction of Building Authority. The Building Envelope codification, which imposes suited OTTV ( Overall Thermal Transfer Value ) , has been linked with the Building ( Energy Efficiency ) Regulation under the Building Ordinance. They come together to organize a compulsory demand for new commercial and hotel edifices. Hong Kong ‘s proposed Mandatory Building Energy Codes ( 2008 ) will necessitate new commercial edifices and the communal countries of new residential and industrial edifices in both the private and public sectors, every bit good as major retro-fitting plants in bing edifices to follow with the Building Energy Codes promulgated by the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department. Energy audits would be required for certain edifices for every 10 old ages. To complement the proposed legislative strategy, edifices that have exceeded the lower limit edifice energy efficiency criterions by a prescribed per centum will be complemented with an energy grade through a voluntary administrative strategy. 2.3.6 Gross floor country ( GFA ) grants Friday 1st April Markss a historical twenty-four hours in Hong Kong ‘s advancement towards more sustainable, low-carbon and environmentally responsible edifices. From today, developers that seek gross floor country ( GFA ) grants for green characteristics in their new edifices are required to undergo BEAM Plus green constructing enfranchisement by the Hong Kong Green Building Council ( HKGBC ) , assisting to better public presentation in the countries of energy, H2O, stuffs, waste, indoor environment and impacts on the vicinity. Other new demands include declaration of the edifice ‘s predicted energy ingestion, increased countries of planting and rejuvenation, and sweetening of the streetscape and urban air airing around their sites. The grants available, holding met these new demands, are now capped at a maximal 10 % . The fact that these new steps are compulsory represents a elephantine measure frontward for Hong Kong on the universe green edifice phase. However the significance of this – and the benefits to the quality of our built environment – has mostly been lost in the broader public argument on Hong Kong ‘s development patterns. Escalating concerns about planetary heating and recent events in Japan besides remind us of the effects on communities that can originate from supplying the energy that we are all dependent upon. We have to retrieve that the most cost effectual ( and environmentally responsible ) manner to cut down our C emanations is to forestall energy wastage. Hong Kong ‘s edifices consume 90 % of our electricity and are the beginning of 67 % of our C emanations. Every edifice in Hong Kong ( and there are more than 40,000 ) can profit from energy salvaging steps both during their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours usage and besides their redevelopment and renovation. This presents alone chances for us non merely in footings of cut downing our C footmark, but besides in adding to the economic system through new merchandises and services and making a more healthy environment and an even better topographic point to populate. HKGBC applauds the Government for the steps being introduced today as an of import measure on our way to a more sustainable built environment. We besides encourage the community as a whole to encompass the same finding in heightening their edifices ‘ public presentation. ( Andrew Chan, 2011 ) 2.3.7 Other commissariats Besides the issue of different notes, codifications and guidelines, Government has besides launched other plans to stress the importance of sustainability of a edifice. A figure of enterprises on edifice safety and timely care, such as advancing clearance of unauthorised edifice plants ; a public audience papers on â€Å" Building Management and Maintenance † was issued to make green enterprises. A Comprehensive Environmental Performance Assessment Scheme ( CEPAS ) for evaluation and benchmarking the environmental public presentation of edifice developments in Hong Kong will be produced. CEPAS aims to be bespoke for state of affairss in Hong Kong. These are hoped to supply driving force to the industry every bit good as edifice proprietors to follow green edifice characteristics in their edifice developments.2.4 Major Barriers in the development of sustainable edificesâ€Å" 70 % of Hong Kong developers and landlords believe the authorities is non providing sufficient regulative constructions to advance sustainability in the real-estate sector. † ( Ina Pozon 2010 ) In many states, renter penchant has been the chief driver behind the â€Å" rejuvenation † of edifices. In Asia, transnational companies, normally the ground tackle renters of new commercial edifices encourage their property-management sections to contract new rentals in green edifices. Lucy Carmody, executive manager of Responsible Research, an environment, societal and administration ( ESG ) research outfit that in early 2010 released an investor study on green edifices in Asia, points out that the real-estate industry in Hong Kong â€Å" suffers from a deficit of supply of the type of edifices which are in demand by both local leading companies and MNCs [ transnational corporations ] . † Alongside the perceptual experience of higher upfront costs, Carmody identifies the deficit of sites for new edifices as one key ground why sustainable-building enterprises have been slow to take off in Hong Kong. â€Å" The state of affairs in China is different due to a strong focal point on municipal-level sustainable metropolis planning, green financial stimulation and many MNCs looking for big, freshly built premises of the highest green specifications, † she says. Another analysis considers the split inducement between the developer/owner of a belongings and the renter, which has been labelled the â€Å" blasted game † . Put merely, there is deficient inducement for the developer to construct in more energy-efficient equipment, even if the costs are recouped over its life-time, as it is the renter – and non the developer – who benefits from lower electricity measures. Developers are normally under force per unit area to finish the undertaking in the shortest timeframe possible and at the lowest cost, and will merely see extra disbursement on engineering if this impacts the purchasing or renting determination. Low electricity duties, which fail to internalize the true environmental, wellness and other associated costs of production and distribution of power, do non incentivise investing in energy efficiency either, though this job is non peculiar to Hong Kong. Possibly the biggest obstruction to sustainability in Hong Kong ‘s edifice sector, nevertheless, is the deficiency of the sort of ordinance that can rectify market failures and signal to the relevant participants that greenhouse-gas and energy-efficiency issues are in fact stuff. A new energy-efficiency jurisprudence, known as the Building Energy Efficiency Bill, is presently pending but has already been criticised by environmental administration Friends of the Earth ( FoE ) as being â€Å" nil more than a fig foliage † . The illuming preservation criterions for offices, eating houses and edifice atria adopted in the measure slowdown behind other states. Take the criterions for office lighting as an illustration: the measure recommends a upper limit of 17 Wattss per square meter, good above the 7 Wattss per square meter applied in Australia and the 10.8 Wattss per square meter mandated in India.A â€Å" The energy preservation criterion for illuming in the Mandatory Building Energy Codes ( MBEC ) for Hong Kong is of a developing-country criterion that falls far behind mainland China and India, † says Edwin Lau, manager of FoE Hong Kong. â€Å" So we are dubious of our authorities ‘s committedness in conserving energy for the environment. † How does the Hong Kong authorities justify following criterions lower than those in mainland China or India? While there is no direct reply to this inquiry, portion of the account can possibly be gleaned from the stakeholder-engagement procedure for the MBEC launched in December 2007, as documented in a study from the Climate Change Business Forum ( CCBF ) , an enterprise that aims to acquire Hong Kong ‘s concerns to join forces on undertaking clime alteration. While the audience involved a big figure of groups runing from members of the populace to professional administrations, the information gathered and the methodological analysis employed in analyzing the responses were mostly untransparent. Harmonizing to the CCBF study, â€Å" Respondents have non been segregated or analysed by group or vested involvement despite an evident prejudice in the audience towards belongings developers, proprietors and directors. In add-on the premises behind authorities statements sing the nest eggs, costs and benefits of the proposed efficiency degrees have non been published. †2.5 Possible ways to get the better of these barriersIn the absence of authorities ordinances, the industry, led by belongings developers Swire Properties and Hong Kong Land, set together voluntary enterprises including the Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method ( HK BEAM ) enfranchisement, which aims to mensurate, better and label the environmental public presentation of edifices. It was inspired by a similar green-building evaluation system in the United Kingdom, the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method ( BREEAM ) . As of October 2009, HK BEAM had provided acknowledgmen t for enhanced edifice public presentation to about 200 Hong Kong belongingss, tantamount to 9 million square meters and 50,000 residential units. In 2009, four industry leaders- The Construction Industry Council, the Business Environment Council, the BEAM Society and the Professional Green Building Council – came together to set up the Hong Kong Green Building Council, which aims to prosecute stakeholders and Foster greater apprehension of green constructing issues. The Council, supported by the Hong Kong Development Bureau, will take the lead in revamping voluntary green constructing labelling strategies and anteroom for sustainable enterprises such as energy codifications. Experts in the industry are clear, nevertheless, that voluntary enterprises are no replacement for ordinance. A 2009 study conducted by belongings services house Jones Lang LaSalle indicates that 70 % of Hong Kong developers and landlords believe the authorities is non providing sufficient regulative constructions to advance sustainability in the real-estate sector. However, this may alter as the authorities contemplates the acceptance of a territory-wide C mark of a 50 % to 60 % decrease in C strength by 2020, with edifice energy efficiency slated as a major priority.A The Jones Lang LaSalle study concludes that, while there is acknowledgment that developers and landlords play a critical function in advancing sustainability, the industry views authorities counsel as an indispensable supporting model. â€Å" The regulative model will necessitate a extremist inspection and repair to present important C decreases, † notes Liam Salter, main executive of RESET Carbon Management, a house that helps companies lower their C footmark, and one of the lead writers of the CCBF study. â€Å" The authorities has been peculiarly wary of modulating bing edifice stock and this will necessitate to alter. † ( Ina Pozon 2010 ) An implicit in purpose of this research undertaking was to works the seeds for a formal best pattern usher for get the better ofing the barriers to sustainable building and design. Through a research of building industry best pattern organisations, there does non presently exist a best pattern usher for sustainability. The best two ways to get the better of the barriers of sustainable building and design are experience in old undertakings and pre-project planning. Unfortunately, experience in old undertakings can non be taught in a formal preparation session, merely appreciated that get the better ofing the barriers to sustainable building will merely acquire easier as a company completes several undertakings. But, as with many barriers that exist to all stages of a undertaking, passing an extended sum of clip in the pre-project stage normally brings a high degree of success. A best pattern should decidedly be developed on the execution of the extended pre-project planning of sustain able undertakings. The three chief factors that contribute to Hong Kong constructing more sustainable undertakings were civilization and community influence, higher cost of energy, and more authorities ordinance. An interesting subject for farther survey to develop a best pattern usher for sustainability would be how can the remainder of the state make a similar civilization and community attitude to advance the success of constructing green? Or, what is the inspiration or beginning that causes Hong Kong to hold such a strong community push for sustainable design and building? Almost all of the responses from Asiatic were the highest ranking for community and civilization influence. If sustainability is measured in a edifice ‘s lastingness and life span, another interesting subject for farther research and survey would be to execute a correlativity survey between constructing life span and sustainability. If a edifice lasts twice every bit long as another edifice, so technically, is the edifice twice every bit sustainable as another since it does non hold to be rebuilt? How can companies advance the usage of stuffs that last up to 100 old ages or more? Most Bridgess in the United States were built to merely last 50 old ages, but there are many constructions around the universe that have been standing for a 1000 old ages. Surely, a span that has to be built 20 times to last 1000 old ages is non really sustainable, no affair how many sustainable merchandises are used in its building. How may the precedences of sustainable building alteration in the hereafter? Though an huge sum of stuff was organized, cross-referenced, and analyzed for this research undertaking, there still exists an unbelievable sum of informations that has non been addressed. Further more focussed and intensive research could be acquired through the usage of personal interviews with the Hong Kong contractors that took portion in this research. Besides, outside of this text, farther research could be studied refering more specific inside informations of get the better ofing the barriers to sustainable building and design.2.6 Sustainability could be adopted in Hong Kong and how they could be implementedRenewable Energy Energy-efficient Lighting High Performance Building Envelopes Variable-frequency Chiller Systems Heat Recovery Systems Automatic Fresh Air Systems Maximizing daytime and commanding solar addition – Electric illuming energy usage is reduced by tenancy and daylight detectors and low energy adjustments wherever possible. The cardinal three floor glazed street is protected by brise-soleil on the southern facade. Solar control glass is employed on the remainder of the south facing glazing. Visible sustainability ‘ – It is non really common for edifice works to be put on show, but the college wanted to actively promote its pupils to take an involvement in the environment through the usage of ‘visual ‘ sustainability. Consequently the energy Centre is placed in a outstanding public location at the forepart of the edifice, with big glassy panels leting good positions of the Biomass boiler. An LCD show resides in the chief entryway to expose and supervise the public presentation of the PV panels and air current turbine, besides associating this to its web site. It is understood that since opening the new college has attracted a higher quality of pupil. Biomass – The Biomass boiler can utilize wood pellets or french friess as the fuel beginning. Though wood bit is being used ab initio. The fuel is sustainable and about C impersonal. The boiler provides 80 % of the Heating and domestic hot H2O maximal demand, with gas boilers supplying the balance ‘peak ‘ burden. Natural airing – The edifice is preponderantly of course ventilated, and Windowss and equipment linked to the edifice direction system ( BMS ) control warming and chilling. Most of the learning cods off of the chief atrium have exposed precast concrete board ceilings. These provide thermic mass to assist to chair temperature alterations. Night-time chilling is achieved via high degree Windowss linked to the BMS. Photovoltaic glass and Wind turbine – The front entryway is about to the full glazed with photovoltaic laminate. In combination with the solar control glazing, the dense agreement of the PVs every bit good as making electricity, besides contributes to restricting solar addition. A air current turbine takes advantage of the site ‘s lift. The turbine and PV ‘s between them generate a respectable sum of power for the college. In between term times, these installings will go on to supply energy back to the National Grid, therefore constructing up an extra economy on energy costs for the College. Sustainable drainage – Due to the impermeable clay dirts leting small soaking up and hapless environing drainage substructure, a big figure of fading armored combat vehicles and swales have been installed to maintain the H2O on site.. Rainwater Harvesting – Rain is stored in an 8400 liter armored combat vehicle and used for blushing lavatories in the instruction block. This can be topped up from the brinies if required in a drouth. The armored combat vehicle storage is besides designed for fire brigade usage if required. Materials – Many achieved an ‘A ‘ evaluation in the Building Research Establishments ( BRE ) Green usher to specification. This usher gives counsel on best environmental picks – stuffs and constituents on an elemental footing, It assess from ‘Cradle to Grave ‘ on A+ to E ranking. It is now available free online to assessors, clients and design squadsChapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionFor this thesis, the purposes are to place suited attack in the development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. Therefore, a research should be carried out to happen out the existent state of affairs of the development of sustainable edifices and so compare with the point of position from the literature reappraisal. Actually, the purposes of the research are as follow: Find out the degree of cognition of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. Find out the authorities policy can be efficaciously to development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong3.2 Background of Research MethodologyFor the method of research methodological analysis, there are chiefly two methods of research. They are 1. Qualitative method and 2. Quantitative method. In fact, these two methods have their advantages and disadvantages. First, Strauss ( 1987 ) states that qualitative methods emphasize the usage of descriptions and classs, derived from the experiences of people, as a agency of understanding and explicating phenomena. Through the usage of open-ended interviews, focal point groups, participant observation/ethnography, documental stuffs, and behavioural studies, qualitative methods engage research inquiries through inductive logical thinking and â€Å" grounded theory † . Like the attack of quantitative methodological analysis, qualitative methods rely on a systematic and structured attack to data aggregation, organisation, and analysis. In this manner, qualitative methods can be understood as more than a auxiliary option to carry oning quantitative research. Qualitative methods frequently consist of words that describe an experience or feeling from the point of position of the people being studied. However, the observations and experiences related by plan directors and undertaking staff are besides an of import portion of the qualitative methodological analysis. Some normally used qualitative methods are focus groups and cognition, attitudes, and patterns studies. On the other manus, Strauss ( 1987 ) states that quantitative methods emphasize the usage of Numberss and statistics to understand and explicate phenomena. In this attack, replies to denumerable inquiries are derived through the aggregation of numerical informations. Quantitative methods enable research workers and practicians to better understand societal constructions and to do general statements over broad populations on a figure of societal subjects runing from infant mortality to unemployment. Numerical data supply an chance to originate correlativity surveies, and to track alterations over clip. For case, quantitative methods can be used to find the figure of behaviour alteration communicating messages prepared, the figure of rubbers distributed, or the figure or frequence of clinical services delivered. Quantitative methods can besides be in the signifier of studies that seek numerical information that can take to a better apprehension of how to carry on programmatic work.3.3 Limitation of ResearchPractically, all the research methods have their ain advantages. On the other manus, they besides have their ain restrictions. In this portion, it will analysis the restriction of the sing three research methods ( Case Study, Questionnaire Survey and interview ) .Case Study:The major restriction of instance survey method for this thesis is the information may be limited to one building contract merely. It is because instance survey can give more item of informations to be analysis. Therefore, it can non roll up the information from excessively many sites within the limited clip to be completed. Furthermore, the consequences of instance survey may non generalise to others. In fact, the information or consequence may non be applied to other building site. It can merely reflect the existent state of affairs of the sing site to be research. For illustration, the information of edifice plants can non be applied to civil work or redevelopment plants.Questionnaire Survey:For the questionnaire study, the restriction is that the gathered information is non so much item compared with instance survey. But it can reflect the existent state of affairs or sentiment from different professionals or other workers. Apart from this, the informations to be collected may hold some mistakes because the respondent may non cognize the issue on Sustainable Buildings in Hong Kong. Then he or she may give the incorrect reply in the questionnaire and therefore the informations analysis may hold some mistakes.InterviewInadequate information: There are certain affairs which can be written in privateness but about which 1 does non talk before others. If these affairs are capable of an interview, the likeliness is that merely a cloaked version of these will be presented. Again, there are people who are temperamentally unable to discourse things though they are powerful authors. These individuals are besides improbable to show true facts in an interview. Defects due to interviewee: If an interviewee is of low degree intelligence he is unfit to give right information. Some individuals are in the wont of speaking in around about mode and it is impossible to decode what they say.3. Biass of Interviewer: The biass of interviewers are every bit much job of research as are the insufficiencies of the interviewees. If the interviewer is unable to stamp down his biass, his apprehension and reading of the information given in interview will be faulty. Nonreversible and uncomplete research: In the interview, certain facets of human behavior acquire over-emphasized at the disbursal of others. There is a inclination to give excessively much importance to personal factors and minimise the function of the environment factors. For these grounds, the research by interview is apt to endure from one-sidedness. Interviewing is an art instead than scientific discipline: Another restriction of interview method is that its processs can non be standardized ; there is excessively much room for improvizing. The success of an interview is more due to skill and tact than due to knowledge. However, the success in interview depends entirely on the intelligence and accomplishment of the interviewer. Therefore, the method of interview is more an art than scientific discipline. Trouble in Carrying the Interviewee: Many people are unwilling to take part in interviews. Under these fortunes, the first job before the interviewer is to carry the prospective interviewee to widen his cooperation for the research undertaking and hold for being interviewed.3.4 Choose of ResearchRefer to the restriction of research. There are really two research methods to find the existent state of affairs of development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong issues in this thesis. They are 1. Case Study and 2. Questionnaire Survey. For instance survey, it is a qualitative method. On the other manus, questionnaire study is a quantitative method.Case Study:This instance survey is used to look into the existent status of development of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. The research will happen out the authorities attempts and their effectivity in the publicity of Sustainable Buildings.Questionnaire Survey:This questionnaire study is to roll up the information and information under difference building site about sustainabl e edifices. This questionnaire study is used to happen out the existent state of affairs for the degree of cognition of sustainable edifices in Hong Kong. The questionnaire will be send to the individuals who are engaged in the building field. It will direct out approximative 50 nos. of questionnaire by electronic mail or by manus. Furthermore, the period of this study is about 2 months and the period is from Nov, 2012 to Jan, 2013.3.5 Detailss of the Questionnaire SurveyHarmonizing to Appendix 1 and for the inside informations of the questionnaire study, it contains entire 25 inquiries to be answered. By and large, it divides in 5 parts. The constructions of the questionnaire are as follow:PartQuestionDescription1 1 to 5 Personal informations of those invited respondents. 2 6 to 10 Historical background and the recent development of Sustainable Buildings. 3 11 to 15 Government attempts and their effectivity in the publicity of Sustainable Buildings. 4 16 to 20 Major Barriers and possible ways to get the better of in the development of sustainable edifices. 5 21 to 25 Explore possible ways to get the better of these barriers.Table 1: Structures of the Questionnaire SurveyHarmonizing to the Table 1, portion 1 is to roll up the general information of the respondent. Separate 1 contains 5 inquiries. It chiefly includes the personal information of the respondent sing the building house who are engaged and the working experience of the respondent. It is used to roll up the information of respondent from different building house and different working experience in building field. Furthermore, if the respondent has more on the job experience in building field, the credibleness is higher. Furthermore, for portion 2, it contains 5 inquiries. The purpose of this portion is to roll up the cognition of the respondent which is knowledge the historical background and the recent development of Sustainable Buildings Furthermore, there are 5 inquiries in portion 3. It is used to reexamine the authorities attempts and their effectivity in the publicity of Sustainable Buildings. Furthermore, there are 5 inquiries in portion 4. It is used to reexamine the major Barriers in the development of sustainable edifices and possible ways to get the better of these barriers. Last, there are 5 inquiries in portion 5. It is used to roll up the type ( s ) of sustainability could be adopted in Hong Kong and how they could be implemented

Livestock Disease and African Food Security essays

Livestock Disease and African Food Security essays Livestock Disease and African Food Security A serious problem in Africa today is the emergence of rampant, deadly strains of disease that are affecting livestock and ravaging populations of pigs and cattle in many African nations, putting food security at risk in many populations of various nations. With already major food scarcity issues among many emerging African nations, disease will only further pressure an already dire situation for food security in Africa. Livestock play important roles in farming systems, which provide primarily food and income, which is necessary for food security. Nearly 12 percent of the world populations rely solely on livestock for its livelihood. (4) The latest outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in the West African island nation of Cape Verde threatens the country's entire pig population, according to a 1996 FAO report. The disease has been endemically present in at least part of Cape Verde archipelago since 1985 - with peaks of morbidity/mortality twice a year, in spring and winter. (1) ASF is caused by a particularly resistant virus and is a potentially devastating disease. Very few pigs survive infection and those that do are contagious. ASF is endemically present in wild pigs in southern and eastern Africa in a cycle including infected domestic pigs, soft ticks and wild pigs. (1) In various ecosystems of Central and Western Africa there are huge outbreaks of this disease among domestic pigs and the disease occurs elsewhere in Africa. In all areas, infection is most common as a result of contact with infected, recovered or carrier pigs and ingestion of contaminated or infected garbage, urine and feces. Various strains ha ve occurred in different regions due to the increasing use of non-indigenous pigs, which are particularly vulnerable to this. Animals are being shipped by road and air and are not being quarantined properly if at all. This threatens any country that relies on livestock fo...